最浪漫的事/赵咏华
歌曲：最浪漫的事
歌手：赵咏华 专辑：最浪漫的事
背靠着背坐在地毯上
听听音乐聊聊愿望
你希望我越来越温柔
我希望你放我在心上
你说想送我个浪漫的梦想
谢谢我带你找到天堂
哪怕用一辈子才能完成
只要我讲你就记住不忘
我能想到最浪漫的事
就是和你一起慢慢变老
一路上收藏点点滴滴的欢笑
留到以后坐着摇椅慢慢聊
我能想到最浪漫的事
就是和你一起慢慢变老
直到我们老的哪儿也去不了
你还依然把我当成手心里的宝
背靠着背坐在地毯上
听听音乐聊聊愿望
你希望我越来越温柔
我希望你放我在心上
你说想送我个浪漫的梦想
谢谢我带你找到天堂
哪怕用一辈子才能完成
只要我讲你就记住不忘
我能想到最浪漫的事
就是和你一起慢慢变老
一路上收藏点点滴滴的欢笑
留到以后坐着摇椅慢慢聊
我能想到最浪漫的事
就是和你一起慢慢变老
直到我们老的哪儿也去不了
你还依然把我当成手心里的宝
Mar 8th, 2009 by Zhizi
Serial verb constructions
Serial verb construction is a basic feature of Chinese grammar, in which two or more verbs are concatenated together. Also known as verb stacking, serial verb construction typically manifests itself in two ways: verbal complements, which appear after the main verb, and coverbs, which appear before the main verb. Such stacking is also present in Turkish (similar to compound verb formation with gitmek, vermek, and olarak) and in the two other major languages of the Northeast Asia region, Japanese and Korean (Japanese grammar; Korean grammar).
[edit] Verbal Complements
Chinese sentences typically concern themselves greatly with the result and direction of a verb, where applicable. Because of this, Chinese has developed powerful grammatical machinery which facilitates the construction of sentences that supply this information. Western texts concerning themselves with Chinese grammar sometimes refer to this as double verbs.
Essentially, the active verb of a sentence is suffixed with a second verb which indicates either the result of the first action, or the direction in which it took the subject. When such information is appropriate, it is generally mandatory.
[edit] Complement of Result
结果补语 jiéguǒ bǔyǔ “complement of result”
A complement of result comes in two flavors: one indicates an absolute outcome, and the other a possible or likely outcome. To illustrate, the verb 听 [聽] tīng, “to listen”) will serve as the active verb, and 懂 (dǒng, “to understand”, “to know”) will serve as the complement of result.
听(tīng) 懂(dǒng) [聽懂]
To understand (something you hear)
Positive absolute complement of result
没(méi) 听(tīng) 懂(dǒng) [沒聽懂]
To have not understood (something you hear)
Negative absolute complement of result
Note that the existence of an absolute complement of result forces the active verb into the perfective aspect, as discussing the absolute result of an unfinished action would be meaningless — hence the use of 没 [沒] (méi) to negate the verb.
听(tīng) 得(de) 懂(dǒng) [聽得懂]
To be able to understand (something you hear)
Positive possible complement of result
This form is equivalent in meaning to 能听懂 [能聽懂]néng tīng dǒng
able to (because of the situation, not skill) understand something
听(tīng) 不(bù) 懂(dǒng) [聽不懂]
To be unable to understand (something you hear)
Negative possible complement of result
Note that the result is negated in this construction, not the active verb, and that the use of 不 (bù), not 没 [沒] (méi) is required because the resulting action, being only a possibility, can obviously not be in a completed state.
The complement of result is a tremendously powerful construction, and is used frequently in Chinese. Expressions such as 饿死了 [餓死了] (è sǐ le, literally: hungry-till-die already, meaning (I’m) starving) and 气死了 [氣死了] (qì sǐ le, literally: mad-till-die already, meaning (I’m) extremely angry) pepper the language. Further, it is possible to analyze many of the aspect suffixes from the perspective of a complement of result; for example, 了 (le) means “finished” or “already”, so it makes sense that placing it after the verb should force the active verb’s aspect into the perfective. The similarity ends there, though, as it is impossible to, for example, construct a possible complement using 了 (le), although it is possible to do so with 了 (liǎo) (same character, different sound). Although this latter reading has the same meaning as the former in principle, in a complement of result it simply indicates inability with some verbs (for example, 受不了, to be unable to stand (tolerate) something or someone, as in “I can’t stand it!”). This use of the complement of result (to simply negate certain verbs) is quite common. Those verbs which can be negated with a complement of result often must be negated with a complement of result.
Sometimes, idiomatic phrases develop using the complement of result that seem to have no relation whatsoever to the result in question. For example, the phrases 看不起, 对不起 [對不起], and 买不起 [買不起] all use 起 (qǐ, to rise up) as their complement of result, but their meanings (to look down upon, to apologize, and to be unable to afford, respectively) are not obviously related to that character’s actual meaning. This is partially the result of metaphorical construction, where 看不起 literally means to be unable to look up to (look down), and 对不起 [對不起] to be unable to face (someone).
[edit] Other examples
他(tā) 把(bǎ) 盘(pán) 子(zi) 打(dǎ) 破(pò) 了(le)。 [他把盤子打破了。]
literal: he OBJ-plate hit-break-PF.
He hit/dropped the plate, and it broke.
(double-verb where the second verb, “break”, is a suffix to the first, and indicates what happens to the object as a result of the action.)
这(zhè(i)) 部(bù) 电(diàn) 影(yǐng) 我(wǒ) 看(kàn) 不(bù) 懂(dǒng)。 [這部電影我看不懂。]
literal: This movie I look-no-understand.
I can’t understand this movie (even though I watched it.)
(double-verb as well, where the second verb, “understand”, suffixes the first and clarifies the possibility and success of the relevant action.)
[edit] Complement of direction
趋向补语 qūxiàng bǔyǔ “complement of direction”
The direction of an action that moves must typically be specified. At its simplest, the two directional complements 去 (qù, to go) and 来 [來] (lái, to come) may be affixed to the end of a verb to indicate that it moves somehow away or towards the speaker, respectively. These may be compounded with other verbs that further specify the direction, such as 上去 (shàng qù, to ascend), 过来 [過來] (gùo lái, to come over), which may then be themselves affixed to a verb (such as 走过去 [走過去], zǒu gùo qù, to walk over). Typically, these are only found in an absolute form, although counter-examples of course exist (起不来床 [起不來床] or 起床不來, to be unable to get up out of bed). Another example:
他走上来了。 [他走上來了。]
literal: he walk-up-come-PF.
He walked up (towards me).
(directional suffixes indicating “up” and “towards”.)
[edit] Counters (or measure words / unitary)
Main article: Chinese measure word
量词 liàngcí “measure word”
Finally, Chinese nouns require counters (also termed measure words or classifiers) in order to be counted. That is, when specifying the amount of a countable noun, the counter has to agree with the noun. Hence one must say “兩頭牛/两头牛 two heads of cattle”, not two cows, with “頭/头 head” being the unit of measurement, or measure word. This phenomenon is common in East Asian languages. (In English, some words, as in the cited example of “cattle”, are often paired with a noun used much like the Chinese measure word. Bottle in “two bottles of wine” or piece in “three pieces of paper” are examples; one does not typically say, “two wines” or “three papers”, unless talking about types of wine or academic research respectively.)
Counters serve a similar, but not identical, role as the grammatical gender of nouns in Indo-European languages. While there are dozens, if not hundreds of counters that exist, which must be memorized individually for each noun, the vast majority of words generally use “個/个 gè”, analogous to the neuter gender, and many of those that may use others can also use “個/个” if the speaker chooses. However, counters are not entirely analogous to grammatical gender, because they are often lexically meaningful. In particular, counter words are generally associated with certain groups of nouns related by meaning, such as “條/条 tiáo” for long, thin objects or animals (e.g. ropes, snakes or fish), “把 bǎ” for objects with handles (e.g. knives, umbrellas) “張/张 zhāng” for flat objects that can be counted as sheets in English (photographs, fur, etc.). However, the counters for many nouns appear arbitrary. “Table” (桌子 zhuōzi) is a zhāng noun probably because table-top is sheet-like and “chair” (椅子 yĭzi) is a bǎ noun probably we move a chair by lifting a “handle,” while another word for chair or stool, “凳子 dèngzi” is a neuter “个” noun.
The endings for the indefinite and demonstrative article must also agree with the appropriate counter for a noun. For example, “狗 gǒu” means “dog” or “the dog.” But to specify “that / that (in direction of addressee) / this dog” (demonstrative) one says “那只狗/这只狗 [那隻狗/這隻狗] nèizhī / nàzhī / zhèizhī gǒu,” and to say “a dog” one says “一只狗 [一隻狗] yīzhī gǒu,” where the ending “只 [隻] -zhī” agrees with the “gender” of the noun “狗 gǒu.” Similarly, “that / that (in direction of addressee) / this / a house” are “那座房子/这座房子/一座房子 nèizuò / nàzuò / zhèzuò / yīzuò fángzi,” where the ending “座 -zuò” agrees with the noun “房子 fángzi.”
For a series of words or objects paired by an appositive with a counter (measure word), this appositive numerical phrase generally follows the nominal phrase.
